Lung function is a vital part of the body that is characterized by a wide range of conditions affecting the respiratory system. It is also known as nephrolithiasis or obstructive pulmonary diseases, and it is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension in adults [
]. In the past, lung function tests, such as the Doppler echocardiogram, were the main diagnostic methods used for diagnosing lung diseases [
However, more recent research has shown that the Doppler-based test is not only more accurate, but also more reliable than other methods [
,
Furthermore, the use of echocardiographic measurements of the right atrium, pulmonary artery and pulmonary venous blood flow is helpful in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension [
This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the Doppler echocardiographic measurement of the pulmonary veno-venous insufficiency and pulmonary vascular volume of the right atrium with the use of the Doppler ultrasound in pulmonary hypertension.
This was a retrospective study performed at the Department of Pulmonary Hypertension, Central Hospital of Beijing μg Hospital (Qinglong University Hospital) from January 2010 to July 2019. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Board of the Central Hospital of Beijing μg Hospital (No. ZP-2019-03-02). All participants signed an informed consent.
The study was carried out in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Before inclusion, all patients had been diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension by the WHO guidelines [
All patients with pulmonary hypertension were eligible for enrollment, and all patients were treated with a diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in accordance with the recommendations of the WHO and published by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) [
The study was approved by the institutional review board of Beijing μg Hospital, and all participants provided informed consent. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 was treated with a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a treatment of pulmonary hypertension [
The combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a treatment of pulmonary hypertension (group 2) was selected by the study authors. The group 1 received a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a treatment of pulmonary hypertension (group 1) and a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a combination of a treatment of pulmonary hypertension (group 2) by a specialist.
The study was approved by the institutional review board of Beijing μg Hospital. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The study was performed according to the approved guidelines.
The Doppler echocardiographic measurements of pulmonary veno-venous insufficiency and pulmonary vascular volume of the right atrium, pulmonary artery and pulmonary venous blood flow were obtained using an echocardiographic device (Hytrun Inc., Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions [
A Doppler echocardiographic image was recorded from the right atrium, pulmonary artery and pulmonary venous blood flow and analyzed using an echocardiographic instrument with the following steps:
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2.Alpha-blockers (e.g., prazosin, terazosin, tamsulosin): Both Cialis and alpha-blockers relax blood vessels, which can lead to excessive blood pressure reduction when used together. This may result in dizziness, fainting, or orthostatic hypotension (a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing). If needed, your doctor may adjust the dosage or recommend spacing the medications.
3.Other antihypertensive drugs (e.g., atenolol, propranolol, enalapril, lisinopril): Cialis can enhance the blood-pressure-lowering effects of these medications. While this interaction is usually less severe than with nitrates or alpha-blockers, it can still cause dizziness or fainting in sensitive individuals. Close monitoring of blood pressure is recommended.
Cialis (tadalafil) can interact with certain foods and beverages, potentially altering its effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. Here are the key drug-food interactions to be aware of:
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This article:Date: 11 May 2024
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1.Nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate): Cialis and nitrates both lower blood pressure. Taking them together can cause a significant and potentially life-threatening drop in blood pressure (hypotension), leading to dizziness, fainting, or even heart attack or stroke. It is contraindicated to use Cialis with nitrates or recreational "poppers" (amyl nitrites).
2.Alpha-blockers (e.g., prazosin, terazosin, tamsulosin): Both Cialis and alpha-blockers relax blood vessels, which can lead to excessive blood pressure reduction when used together. This may result in dizziness, fainting, or orthostatic hypotension (a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing). If needed, your doctor may adjust the dosage or recommend spacing the medications.
3.Other antihypertensive drugs (e.g., atenolol, propranolol, enalapril, lisinopril): Cialis can enhance the blood-pressure-lowering effects of these medications. While this interaction is usually less severe than with nitrates or alpha-blockers, it can still cause dizziness or fainting in sensitive individuals. Close monitoring of blood pressure is recommended.
Cialis (tadalafil) can interact with certain foods and beverages, potentially altering its effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects. Here are the key drug-food interactions to be aware of:
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